Mechanical keyboard construction: Understanding the detailed components in an easy-to-understand way.

Many people new to mechanical keyboards often struggle with terms like switch, keycap, PCB, or hotswap when reading product specifications. This makes comparing and choosing a keyboard more complicated than necessary. This article will help you understand the structure of a mechanical keyboard, the role of each component, and the factors that directly affect the typing experience, so you can choose a more suitable product.

Key points

1. Switches are a crucial component in the keyboard's construction, determining the typing feel, noise level, and responsiveness.
2. Stabilizers maintain balance for longer keys (Space, Enter), directly affecting typing stability and clicking noise.
3. Keycaps are the outer covers of keys, affecting tactile feel, durability, and aesthetics, with two common materials being PBT and ABS.
4. A PCB is a circuit board that receives signals, and the hotswap type allows for switch replacement without soldering, which is very convenient for beginners.
5. Beginners should prioritize choosing switches, stabilizers, keycaps, and layouts that suit their needs before considering LED/RGB lighting.

1. What is a mechanical keyboard? Why are so many people interested in its construction?

Mechanical keyboards are input devices that use individual mechanical switches for each key, instead of rubber membranes like membrane keyboards. Each keystroke registers a signal independently, so the typing feel, responsiveness, and durability are often noticeably different from conventional keyboards.

What interests many people about the build quality lies in the actual user experience. When reading specifications, users often encounter concepts like key press force or key travel. Without understanding the internal components, it's difficult to know why two keyboards in the same price range can have different typing feel.

Mechanical keyboards use individual switches and register signals independently for each key.

The difference between mechanical keyboards and membrane keyboards.

1. Key recognition mechanism: Mechanical keyboards use mechanical switches for each key, while membrane keyboards use a rubber layer and membrane circuitry.
2. Typing feel: Mechanical keyboards generally offer clearer feedback, a more distinctive sound, and more consistent responsiveness.
3. Durability and replaceability: Many mechanical keyboard models allow for keycap replacement, switch replacement, and even hotswap switching without soldering.

Mechanical keyboards offer clearer feedback, greater durability, and more flexible upgrade options than membrane keyboards.

2. What are the main components of a mechanical keyboard?

The structure of a mechanical keyboard can be divided into three main groups. The first group includes the parts that the user directly touches, such as the keycaps . The second group includes the parts that generate and transmit signals, such as the switches, PCB , and microcontroller. The remaining group includes the frame and finishing components, such as the case, plate , foam, and connectors.

Part	Function	Level of importance for beginners
Case	The casing contains all the components.	Medium
Keycap	The part that comes into direct contact when typing.	High
Switch	Record keystrokes	High
Stabilizer	Maintain balance for the long key.	High
Daily	Secure the switch, create rigidity.	Medium
PCB	Signal receiving and transmitting circuit board	High
LED/RGB	Backlighting and lighting effects	Short
Connect	Transmit signals via wire or wireless.	Medium
Foam	Reduces vibration and reverberation within the keyboard body.	Short

3.1. Case

The case is the outer casing or frame of the keyboard, surrounding all the internal components and determining the overall shape, sturdiness, and weight of the keyboard.

The two most common materials are plastic and aluminum. Plastic cases are generally lighter and more affordable. Aluminum cases tend to feel more solid and sturdy. However, metal cases aren't always suitable for everyone, as typing feel and sound depend on other components.

The case is the keyboard's frame and casing, affecting the device's sturdiness and weight.

3.2. Keycap

Keycaps are the top covers of the keys, and the part users touch every day. They directly affect the contact surface, grip, sound, and to some extent, typing posture.

1. ABS: Lightweight, smooth surface, but prone to becoming shiny after prolonged use.
2. PBT: Harder, less glossy, often preferred for its surface durability.

Besides the material, the keycap profile is also important. This refers to the height and angle of the keycap. Different profiles can alter the typing feel, wrist comfort, and overall sound quality.

Keycaps come into direct contact with the hands, affecting typing feel, grip, and sound.

3.3. Switch

Switches are a crucial component in the construction of a mechanical keyboard, located beneath the keycaps and attached to the plate and PCB. They determine the keypress feel, responsiveness, and largely differentiate between various mechanical keyboards.

Pressing force is the amount of force required to activate a key. Key travel is the distance the key moves downwards. These two factors directly affect the feel of a key when typing – whether it's fast, light, firm, or has a distinct tactile bump.

1. Linear: Smooth click, no tactile feedback, often suitable for gamers who prefer seamless controls.
2. Tactile: Provides a slight tactile feedback midway through the typing journey, often suitable for frequent typists who want a more distinct tactile feedback point.
3. Clicky: Produces a distinct clicking sound and strong feedback, but is generally noisier.

Switches are the switches located under each key, directly affecting the feel and sound of typing.

3.4. Stabilizer

Stabilizers, often called stabilizers, are components that maintain balance for longer keys such as Space, Enter, Shift, or Backspace. Stabilizers are located beneath the longer keys and work in conjunction with the switch to prevent the key from wobbling or having uneven force when pressed on one side.

If the stabilizer is poorly made, longer keys are prone to rattling, hollow sounds, or uneven key presses. This is a detail often overlooked by beginners, but it significantly affects the actual typing experience.

Stabilizers are components that balance the weights under long keys, helping to stabilize key presses and reduce vibration.

3.5. Plate

The plate is the plate that holds the switch in place, located on top of the PCB. The main function of the plate is to hold the switch in the correct position, increase the stability of the entire key assembly, and affect the stiffness of the keyboard.

Common materials include steel, aluminum, and polycarbonate. Hard plates generally feel more solid. Softer plates may offer more flex, or a slight bounce when tapped. For beginners, it's important to understand how the plate affects the firmness and, to some extent, the sound.

The plate is the plate that holds and positions the switch, affecting stability, typing feel, and sound.

3.6. PCB

The PCB is a printed circuit board located beneath the switch and plate. When a key is pressed, the switch sends a signal to the PCB, which then transmits the command to the computer. This is a crucial component that ensures the keyboard functions reliably.

There are two common types:

1. Fixed-mount PCB: Switches are permanently mounted; replacing them usually requires removing and resoldering them.
2. PCB hot-swap: Allows for switch replacement without soldering, making it more convenient for beginners or users who want to try different switch types.

The PCB is the central circuit board that connects to and processes signals from the switches, allowing the keyboard to function.

3.7. Control circuit or microcontroller

This is the signal processing part of the keyboard. Simply put, it's the brain of the device, managing features like macros , anti-ghosting, and N-key rollover .

Average users don't need to delve deeply into this part. Simply knowing that a good control circuit will help the keyboard operate stably and register commands more accurately.

The control circuit processes signals and ensures stable operation of the functions.

3.8. LED/RGB

LED or RGB is a backlighting system placed under the keys or around the keyboard body, aiding visibility in dark environments and enhancing aesthetics. RGB lighting does not determine typing quality. This is an important point to note, as many beginners often confuse the visual effect with a good typing experience.

LED/RGB lighting supports key visibility in the dark and enhances the keyboard's aesthetics.

3.9. Cable or wireless connection

1. Wired: Stable, no battery worries, low latency.
2. Wireless or 3-mode wireless: More flexible, usually supports wired, Bluetooth, and 2.4GHz.

Wired connections prioritize stability, while wireless connections offer greater flexibility in use.

3.10. Foam or sound-absorbing layer

Foam is a layer of material placed inside the keyboard body to reduce vibration and resonance. In many newer models, the foam helps to produce a cleaner, less hollow typing sound. The effect of the foam is noticeable, but it's not as important as the switches, stabilizers, or keycaps for new users.

Foam helps reduce vibration, minimize echo, and create a cleaner typing sound for the keyboard.

4. Which component has the greatest impact on the typing experience?

1. Switch: Determines the key press feel, smoothness, responsiveness, and basic noise level of each key.
2. Stabilizer: This clearly affects longer keys, especially the clicking sound and stability when typing Space, Enter, and Shift.
3. Keycaps: Affect the tactile surface, grip, sound quality, and overall user experience over time.
4. Plate and case: Affect the stiffness, feel, weight, and overall sound quality of the keyboard.
5. LED/RGB: Primarily for display and aesthetics, not a key element of typing feel.

When viewing reviews or specifications pages, users should look at them in this order first. This also helps to avoid making purchases based solely on appearance without considering the actual typing experience.

Switches determine the feel, smoothness, responsiveness, and basic noise level when pressed.

5. Some common terms encountered when looking at mechanical keyboard specifications.

1. Hot-swap: Allows for switch replacement without soldering.
2. 60%, 75%, TKL, full-size layouts: These keyboard layouts vary in the number of keys and their size.
3. RGB: Multicolor backlighting, primarily for display and aesthetics.
4. Wireless or 3 modes: Supports wired, Bluetooth, and 2.4GHz connections in a single keyboard.
5. Anti-ghosting: Helps reduce instances where multiple key presses are registered incorrectly.
6. N-key rollover: Allows for more accurate simultaneous key presses.
7. Macro: Assigns a sequence of commands or actions to a key.
8. Keycap profile: The height and angle of the keycap.
9. Force or press pressure: The amount of force required to activate the key.
10. Key travel or key journey: The distance a key moves down when pressed.

The hot-swap feature allows users to easily change switches without soldering.

6. What should beginners consider before choosing a mechanical keyboard?

1. Choose the right switch: For gaming, linear switches are a good choice if you prefer a smooth click; for typing, tactile switches are a good option; and for quiet environments, avoid clicky switches.
2. Choose your keyboard layout: Full size if you need a numpad, TKL , or 75% if you want a compact layout but still have enough keys, or 60% if minimalism is your priority.
3. Check the keycaps, stabilizers, and hot-swap: These three points significantly affect the user experience and the likelihood of future modifications.
4. Choose wired or wireless: Based on the usage environment, mobility needs, and priority of stability.
5. Verify the specifications carefully: You should thoroughly check the layout, connections, switches, hotswap , and keycaps on the official product page.

Beginners should choose a keyboard with a layout that suits their needs and setup space. 

7. Some related questions

7.1. Why are some mechanical keyboards heavier than others?

The weight of a keyboard depends on the materials used for the casing, plate, battery, and internal sound-dampening materials. Keyboards with aluminum frames or reinforced structures are usually heavier but also feel more solid and stable during use.

7.2. How can you tell if a keyboard has good build quality?

You can assess a keyboard's build quality by examining the casing's finish, its sturdiness, the quality of the stabilizers, the overall finish of the assembly details, and the overall typing feel. A well-built keyboard typically has minimal wobbling, doesn't feel flimsy, and provides a stable user experience over time.

The construction of a mechanical keyboard isn't just about the switch; it's a combination of keycaps, stabilizers, plates, PCBs, cases, and connections. For beginners, it's best to prioritize understanding switches, stabilizers, keycaps, and hot-swap.